Internações sensíveis à atenção primária específicas de mulheres / Sensitive female-specific hospitalization in primary care

Objetivou-se analisar as internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária (ICSAP) específicas em mulheres e os fatores que determinam ou influenciam a ocorrência dessas internações (fatores socioeconômicos, sociodemográficos e controle de saúde) por meio de um inquérito de morbidade hospitalar realizado com amostra de 429 mulheres internadas em hospitais conveniados ao Sistema Único de Saúde. O percentual de ICSAP foi 49,42% (n = 212), com destaque para as internações específicas do sexo feminino 19,35% (n = 83). Associaram ao risco de internar por CSAP: idade superior a 60 anos, baixa escolaridade, internação prévia, realização de controle regular de saúde, falta de vínculo com a Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) e ser gestante. As causas evidentes foram as condições relacionadas à gravidez, ao parto e ao puerpério e às inflamações nos órgãos pélvicos femininos. Os resultados sugerem falhas no atendimento ambulatorial que deveria ser oportuno e resolutivo no contexto da saúde da mulher.

The scope of this paper was to analyze female-specific sensitive hospitalization occurring in primary care conditions and factors that determine or affect the occurrence of such hospitalizations (social, economic and demographic factors; health control). Analysis was performed by surveys on hospital morbidity with a sample of 429 females attended in Unified Health System (SUS) contracted hospitals. The sensitive hospitalizations percentage in primary care reached 49.42% (n = 212), highlighting female-specific hospitalization at 19.35% (n = 83). Hospitalization risks comprised elderly people over sixty, low schooling, previous hospitalizations, normal health control, lack of association with the Family Health Strategy and pregnancy. Evident causes were related to conditions of pregnancy, childbirth, post-partum and inflammations of the female pelvic organs. Results suggested flaws in outpatient attendance that should be adequate and provide solutions in women’s health.

Immunogenicity and safety of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Mexico / Inmunogenia y seguridad de la vacuna antineumocócica conjugada 13 valente en México

OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and immune responses induced by a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) after immunization of infants in Mexico. METHODS: PCV13 was given with other routine childhood vaccinations to 225 infants in Mexico at ages 2, 4, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS: The proportions of subjects achieving immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations ≥0.35 µg/mL after the infant series and toddler dose were ≥93.1% and ≥96.7%, respectively, for all 13 serotypes. The serotype-specific pneumococcal IgG geometric mean concentrations after the infant series and toddler dose ranged from 1.18 to 9.13 µg/mL and from 1.62 to 15.41 µg/mL, respectively. The most common local reaction and systemic event after each dose were tenderness and irritability, respectively. Most fever was mild; no fever >40.0°C (i.e., severe) was reported. One subject withdrew because of Kawasaki disease 5 days after the first dose of vaccines, but this condition was not considered related to PCV13. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, PCV13 administered with routine pediatric vaccines was immunogenic and safe in healthy infants in Mexico.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la seguridad y la respuesta inmunitaria inducida por una vacuna antineumocócica conjugada 13 valente (PCV13) tras la vacunación de lactantes en México. MÉTODOS: Se administró la PCV13, junto con otras vacunas habituales de la niñez, a 225 lactantes a los 2, 4, 6 y 12 meses de edad en México. RESULTADOS: Las proporciones de lactantes que alcanzaron concentraciones de inmunoglobulina G (IgG) iguales o superiores a 0,35 µg/ml después de las tres primeras dosis (serie del lactante) y tras la cuarta (dosis del inicio de la deambulación) fueron de ≥ 93,1% y ≥ 96,7%, respectivamente, para los 13 serotipos. Las medias geométricas de las concentraciones de IgG antineumocócica específica de serotipo después de las tres primeras dosis y tras la cuarta variaron de 1,18 a 9,13 µg/ml, y de 1,62 a 15,41 µg/ml, respectivamente. Las reacciones local y sistémica más frecuentes después de cada dosis fueron respectivamente el dolor en el punto de inyección y la irritabilidad. En la mayor parte de los casos, la fiebre fue de carácter leve; no se notificó ningún caso de fiebre de más de 40,0 °C (fiebre grave). Un lactante fue excluido del estudio como consecuencia de la aparición de una enfermedad de Kawasaki cinco días después de la primera dosis de la vacuna, aunque se consideró que este proceso no estaba relacionado con la PCV13. CONCLUSIONES: En términos generales, la PCV13, administrada conjuntamente con las vacunas pediátricas habituales, se mostró inmunógena e inocua en lactantes sanos de México.

Declaración del Comité Consultivo de Inmunizaciones de la Sociedad Chilena de Infectología acerca de la eficacia de la vacuna anti-neumocóccica 23 valente en el adulto mayor: Febrero 2010 / 23-Valent Pneumococcal Vaccine: Statement of the Consultive Committee of Immunizations on behalf of the Chilean Infectious Diseases Society: February 2010

The article summarizes the scientific evidence related with protection conferred by the 23 valent polysacchar-die vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease, non bacteriemic pneumococcal pneumonia, and probable pneumococal pneumonia in the elderly. Eider patients with and without risk factors are considered. The impact of herd immunitty conferred by vaccination of children with conjugated pneumococcal vaccine in reduction of penumonia in adults is discussed. Based on this analysis, the Advisory Committee on Immunizations of the Chilean Infectious Disease Society makes recommendations on the most efficient vaccine strategy for reduction of pneumococcal pneumonia in the elderly.

El artículo resume los hallazgos de la evidencia científica en relación a la protección que confiere la vacuna neumocóccica polisacárida 23 valente contra la enfermedad neumocóccica invasora, las neumonías neumocóccicas no bacteriémicas y las neumonías probablemente de etiología neumocóccica en el adulto mayor, estableciendo una categorización entre adultos mayores con factores de riesgo y sin ellos. Se documenta a la vez, el impacto que ha tenido la vacuna neumocóccica conjugada en la población infantil, en reducir las neumonías en el adulto mayor. Basados en la información disponible, el Comité Consultivo de Inmunizaciones de la Sociedad Chilena de Infectología, realiza recomendaciones sobre cuál sería la mejor forma de prevenir las enfermedades neumocóccicas en el adulto mayor.

Eventos adversos após vacinação contra o pneumococo / Adverse events after pneumococcal vaccination

OBJETIVO: Estudar a ocorrência de eventos adversos após aplicação da vacina polissacarídea capsular contra 23 sorotipos do pneumococo em indivíduos com indicação clínica, em Sumaré (SP) (630.000 habitantes). MÉTODOS: Foram investigados prospectivamente 152 indivíduos após vacinação (0,5 mL intramuscular Pneumo23® Aventis Pasteur, Espanha) em um hospital geral. A variável de estudo foi a queixa de pelo menos um sintoma com nexo temporal com a vacina, isto é, nas primeiras 48 h após a aplicação. Os indivíduos foram investigados de cinco a sete dias após a vacinação. As co-variáveis idade, sexo e indicação clínica foram testadas pelo método Qui-quadrado e pelo modelo logístico múltiplo, considerando-se o nível de significância de 5 por cento. RESULTADOS: A idade da população variou de cinco a 86 anos (média de 61,8 anos). A quase totalidade dos indivíduos recebeu a primeira dose na ocasião (99 por cento). Notificou-se a ocorrência de eventos locais em 36 indivíduos (23,7 por cento), entre os quais 68 por cento foram leves, sem repercussão nas atividades diárias. A dor no local da aplicação foi o sintoma mais freqüentemente relatado, por 97,2 por cento dos indivíduos. Eritema e edema local estiveram presentes em 6,3 por cento e 5,1 por cento dos casos, respectivamente. Foram referidos sintomas gerais por 12,8 por cento dos investigados (mal-estar, febre, sonolência, dor no corpo). Nenhuma co-variável relacionou-se estatisticamente com os eventos adversos na análise bivariada (p > 0,20), sendo que a análise múltipla mostrou os mesmos resultados. CONCLUSÃO: A vacina pneumocócica 23-valente é pouco reatogênica na primeira dose, e é ainda pouco indicada na região, mesmo em pacientes de indicação clínica.

OBJECTIVE: To study the occurrence of adverse events after administration of a capsular polysaccharide vaccine against 23 pneumococcal serotypes in individuals for whom such vaccination is indicated. METHODS: This was a prospective study, conducted in a general hospital in the city of Sumaré, in which 152 individuals were evaluated after intramuscular vaccination with 0.5 mL of the Pneumo 23® vaccine. The study variable was subject complaint of at least one symptom forming a temporal nexus with the vaccine (appearing within 48 h after its administration). The subjects were evaluated at five to seven days after vaccination. The covariables age, gender and clinical profile were tested using the chi-square test and multiple logistic regression, with the level of significance set at 5 percent. RESULTS: The age of the population ranged from 5 to 86 years (mean, 61.8 years). For nearly all (99 percent) of the subjects, the vaccination evaluated was their first dose of the vaccine. Events occurring at the injection site were reported in 36 subjects (23.7 percent). Of those 36 events, 24 (68 percent) were mild and had no repercussions for the daily activities of the subjects. Pain at the site of the injection was the most common symptom, being reported by 97.2 percent of the subjects. Erythema and localized edema were found in 6.3 percent and 5.1 percent of the subjects, respectively. Of the subjects evaluated, 12.8 percent reported general symptoms (malaise, fever, sleepiness and generalized pain). In the bivariate analysis, none of the covariables were found to present a statistically significant correlation with adverse events (p > 0.20). The same held true in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Although, the 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine provokes few reactions in the first dose, it is still rarely recommended in the region, even for patients at risk.

Vacina pneumocócica: histórico, indicações clássicas e efeitos indiretos / Anti-pneumococcal vaccine: description, classic indications and indirect effect

A infecção por Streptococcus pnemoniae é uma das principais causas de doença em crianças, idosos, imunodeficientes e portadores de doença crônica. Devido à grande freqüência e importância das doenças causadas por pneumococos, desde o início do século existem tentativas de se prevenir a doença através da utilização de soros e vacinas. Atualmente, observa-se uma crescente resistência bacteriana do pneumococo às penicilinas, cefalosporinas e macrolídeos, o que impõe, cada vez mais, a necessidade da vacinação contra os diversos sorotipos do microorganismo. O presente artigo revisa os principais resultados, em relação à efetividade da vacina pneumocócica, obtidos nos estudos, bem como as principais indicações da vacina preconizadas por protocolos nacionais e internacionais. Foi realizada uma extensa revisão bibliográfica utilizando os sites de pesquisa: Medline, Scielo e Cochrane. A pesquisa incluiu somente artigos compreendidos no período de janeiro de 1996 a agosto de 2006. A partir de 1983, foi aprovada uma nova vacina contendo 23 sorotipos de pneumococos. Essa vacina proporciona uma cobertura contra 88% das cepas identificadas nos EUA como causadoras de bacteremia, meningite e otite média aguda em adultos. A efetividade desta em prevenir pneumonia é incerta, mas ela é definitivamente eficaz e custo efetiva na prevenção de doença pneumocócica invasiva em indivíduos jovens e saudáveis, sendo a eficácia questionável em idosos e indivíduos com condições médicas que os qualificam como alto risco. O benefício potencialmente mais importante dessa vacina talvez seja a prevenção da colonização e infecção pelos sorotipos estreitamente associados à resistência aos antibióticos.

Prevención de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad / Prevention o commmunity-acquired pneumonia in adutts

Polysaccharide 23 valent pneumococcal vaccine commercially available from 1983 includes 23 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae, representing near 90% of strains involved in invasive pneumococcal disease in immune competent adults. Vaccine confers protection against invasive pneumococcal disease. Immunization is recommended in adults over 65 years old, in patients affected by chronic diseases (cardiopathies, COPD, nephropathies, diabetes mellitus, hepatic cirrhosis, chronic breakage in brain-blood barrier, functional or anatomical asplenia, alcoholism), in immunocompromised hosts, including HIV infection, chemotherapy treatment and hematological malignancies. Influenza vaccine is prepared with particulated antigens, including two influenza A strains and one influenza B strain, selected according to influenza epidemiological worldwide surveillance the year before. On account of continuous antigenic changes (drifts), it is necessary to modify the vaccine antigen's composition yearly. Cost/effectiveness evaluation has confirmed the efficacy of influenza vaccine in reducing morbidity and mortality associated to influenza epidemic and health economical resources involved in patient care. Besides, clinical trials have confirmed that immunization reduces the risk of acquiring pneumonia, of hospitalization and death in elderly people during the influenza epidemic, when vaccine antigenic composition is similar to the circulating strains. Vaccination is recommended annually in healthy adults over 65 years old, in patients with chronic diseases (cardiopathies, COPD, nephropathies, diabetes mellitus, hepatic cirrhosis, chronic breakage of blood-brain barrier, functional or anatomical asplenia, alcoholism). It is also recommended in women who will be in the second or third trimester of pregnancy during the influenza season, in immunocompromised hosts, in institutionalized patients (geriatrics), health care workers, and travelers to geographical areas ...

La vacuna anti neumocóccica polivalente disponible desde 1983 incluye 23 serotipos de Streptococcus pneumoniae, que representan cerca de 90% de las cepas que ocasionan enfermedad neumocóccica invasora en adultos inmunocompetentes. La vacuna confiere protección contra la enfermedad neumocóccica invasora. Se recomienda vacunar a los adultos sanos sobre 65 años de edad, portadores de enfermedades crónicas (cardiopatías, EPOC, nefropatías, diabetes mellitus, cirrosis hepática, pérdida crónica de LCR, asplenia funcional o anatómica, alcoholismo), inmunocomprometidos incluyendo los infectados por VIH, quimioterapia y neoplasias hematológicas. La vacuna anti influenza se prepara con antígenos particulados, e incluye dos tipos antigénicos de virus influenza A y una de influenza B, seleccionados de acuerdo al perfil epidemiológico que arroja la vigilancia mundial de influenza en el año anterior. Debido al cambio antigénico que se produce cada año, es necesario modificar la composición de la vacuna. Los estudios de costo-efectividad han confirmado la eficacia de la vacuna anti influenza en reducir la morbimortalidad asociada a la epidemia de influenza y los gastos de salud involucrados en el manejo de los enfermos. Además, los estudios clínicos han confirmado que la vacunación reduce el riesgo de neumonía, hospitalización y muerte en la población senescente durante la epidemia de influenza, cuando la cepa de la vacuna es similar a la presente en la comunidad. Se recomienda vacunar anualmente a los adultos sanos sobre 65 años de edad, portadores de enfermedades crónicas (cardiopatías, EPOC, nefropatías, diabetes mellitus, cirrosis hepática, pérdida crónica de LCR, asplenia funcional o anatómica, alcoholismo), mujeres embarazadas con más de 3 meses de gestación, inmunocomprometidos, pacientes institucionalizados (geriátricos, residentes en casas de reposo), trabajadores de la salud, viajeros a áreas geográficas de epidemia.

Prevención de la neumonía del adulto adquirida en la comunidad / Prevention of community-acquired pneumonia in adults

Polysaccharide 23 valent pneumococcal vaccine commercially available from 1983 includes 23 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae, representing near 90% of strains involved in invasive pneumococcal disease in immune competent adults. Vaccine confers protection against invasive pneumococcal disease. Immunization is recommended in adults over 65 years old, in patients affected by chronic diseases (cardiopathies, COPD, nephropathies, diabetes mellitus, hepatic cirrhosis, chronic breakage in brain-blood barrier, functional or anatomical asplenia, alcoholism), in immunocompromised hosts, including HIV infection, chemotherapy treatment and hematological malignancies. Influenza vaccine is prepared with particulated antigens, including two influenza A strains and one influenza B strain, selected according to influenza epidemiological worldwide surveillance the year before. On account of continuous antigenic changes (drifts), it is necessary to modify the vaccine antigen's composition yearly. Cost/effectiveness evaluation has confirmed the efficacy of influenza vaccine in reducing morbidity and mortality associated to influenza epidemic and health economical resources involved in patient care. Besides, clinical trials have confirmed that immunization reduces the risk of acquiring pneumonia, of hospitalization and death in elderly people during the influenza epidemic, when vaccine antigenic composition is similar to the circulating strains. Vaccination is recommended annually in healthy adults over 65 years old, in patients with chronic diseases (cardiopathies, COPD, nephropathies, diabetes mellitus, hepatic cirrhosis, chronic breakage of blood-brain barrier, functional or anatomical asplenia, alcoholism). It is also recommended in women who will be in the second or third trimester of pregnancy during the influenza season, in immunocompromised hosts, in institutionalized patients (geriatrics)...

La vacuna anti neumocóccica polivalente disponible desde 1983 incluye 23 serotipos de Streptococcus pneumoniae, que representan cerca de 90% de las cepas que ocasionan enfermedad neumocóccica invasora en adultos inmunocom-petentes. La vacuna confiere protección contra la enfermedad neumocóccica invasora. Se recomienda vacunar a los adultos sanos sobre 65 años de edad, portadores de enfermedades crónicas (cardiopatías, EPOC, nefropatías, diabetes mellitus, cirrosis hepática, pérdida crónica de LCR, asplenia funcional o anatómica, alcoholismo), inmunocom-prometidos incluyendo los infectados por VIH, quimioterapia y neoplasias hematológicas. La vacuna anti influenza se prepara con antígenos particulados, e incluye dos tipos antigénicos de virus influenza A y una de influenza B, seleccionados de acuerdo al perfil epidemiológico que arroja la vigilancia mundial de influenza en el año anterior. Debido al cambio antigénico que se produce cada año, es necesario modificar la composición de la vacuna. Los estudios de costo-efectividad han confirmado la eficacia de la vacuna anti influenza en reducir la morbimortalidad asociada a la epidemia de influenza y los gastos de salud involucrados en el manejo de los enfermos. Además, los estudios clínicos han confirmado que la vacunación reduce el riesgo de neumonía, hospitalización y muerte en la población senescente durante la epidemia de influenza, cuando la cepa de la vacuna es similar a la presente en la comunidad. Se recomienda vacunar anualmente a los adultos sanos sobre 65 años de edad, portadores de enfermedades crónicas (cardiopatías, EPOC, nefropatías, diabetes mellitus, cirrosis hepática, pérdida crónica de LCR, asplenia funcional o anatómica, alcoholismo), mujeres embarazadas con más de 3 meses de gestación al momento de aparecer la epidemia, inmunocomprometidos, pacientes institucionalizados (geriátricos, residentes en casas de reposo), trabajadores de la salud, viajeros a áreas geográficas de epidemia

Reactogenicidad de la administración simultánea de las vacunas contra influenza y neumococo en adultos mayores de 55 años de edad / Reactogenicity of the simultaneous administration of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines in adults over 55 years of age

Background. Pneumonia is the principal cause of morbidity and mortality in PEMEX medical services. Vaccination against influenza is 72% effective in preventing hospitalizations and 87% effective in preventing deaths related to this virus, and vaccination against pneumococcus is 60% effective in preventing invasive diseases by this microorganism. ACIP recommends use of both vaccines simultaneously in adults over 65 years of age. Objectives. To describe the frequency, duration and severity of local and systemic reactions related to the simultaneous administration of vaccines against influenza and pneumococcus in adults over 55 years of age, and compare with reactions related to influenza vaccine. Material and methods. Two hundred-thirty two adults over 55 years of age were randomly assigned to two groups, group A (114 subjects) received influenza vaccine, group B (118 subjects) received influenza and pneumococcus vaccines simultaneously. Results. Comparing the number of subjects with local reactions on the right arm between groups A and B (17 subjects vs. 27 subjects), differences were not statistically significative (p = 0.121). Systemic reactions were not statistically significative either (p = 0.126) when results were compared between both groups (30 from group A vs. 42 for group B). Conclusions. Simultaneous administration of influenza and pneumococcus vaccines has proven to be safety. In the absence of contraindications, there is no reason for not offering both vaccines in the same medical visit.

Antecedentes. La neumonía es la principal causa de morbilidad y mortalidad en adultos mayores en los servicios mèdicos de PEMEX. La vacunación contra influenza ha probado ser efectiva en prevenir 72% de las hospitalizaciones y 87% de las muertes causadas por este virus y la vacunación contra neumococo ha sido efectiva en prevenir 60% de las enfermedades invasoras por este microorganismo. El ACIP recomienda que ambas vacunas se administren en forma simultánea a los adultos mayores de 65 años de edad. Objetivos. Describir la frecuencia, duración y severidad de las reacciones locales y sistèmicas asociadas a la administración simultánea de las vacunas contra influenza y neumococo en adultos mayores de 55 años de edad, y comparar los resultados con las reacciones asociadas al uso de vacuna contra influenza únicamente. Material y mètodos. Se asignaron en forma aleatoria 232 adultos mayores de 55 años de edad a dos grupos, el grupo A (114 sujetos) recibieron la vacuna contra influenza y el grupo B (118 sujetos) recibieron las vacunas contra influenza y neumococo en forma simultánea. Resultados. Al comparar el número de individuos con reacciones locales en el brazo derecho entre el grupo A y el grupo B (17 sujetos vs. 27 sujetos) las diferencias no fueron estadísticamente significativas (p = 0.121). En cuanto a las reacciones sistèmicas, èstas tampoco fueron estadísticamente significativas (p = 0.126) cuando se compararon los sujetos en ambos grupos (30 del grupo A vs. 42 del grupo B). Conclusiones. La administración simultánea de las vacunas contra influenza y neumococo ha probado ser segura. En ausencia de contraindicaciones, no hay razón para no ofrecer estas dos vacunas en la misma visita mèdica.